Calidad de vida, según percepción y comportamientos de control del peso por género, en estudiantes universitarios adolescentes en México / Quality of life according to self-perceived weight, weight control behaviors, and gender among adolescent university students in Mexico

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la calidad de vida (CV), según auto percepción del peso corporal y comportamientos de control de peso, por género, en 2.401 estudiantes de 17 a 19 años de primer ingreso en un centro universitario en México del 2007 al 2009; 61,9 por ciento mujeres, 80,6 por ciento no trabajaban y 99,2 por ciento solteros. Se auto administró en línea un cuestionario genérico de CV (YQOL-R) módulo perceptual, y siete ítems acerca del peso adaptados del YRBS 2007. Se observó que un 52 por ciento de mujeres y un 31,7 por ciento de hombres trataba de bajar de peso. CV más alta para peso cercano al correcto, quienes trataban de mantenerse en su peso y los que hacían ejercicio; CV más baja para quienes reportaron mucho sobrepeso, mujeres que trataban de bajar de peso, comían menos, dejaban de comer, hacían dieta sin supervisión, vomitaban o tomaban laxantes. En mujeres la CV fue diferente si trataban de mantenerse, subir o bajar de peso; en hombres sólo al tratar de subir. Esta información puede ser de utilidad para procesos educativos, programas de prevención y para evaluar las intervenciones.

The aim of this study was to analyze quality of life (QoL) according to self-perceived weight and weight control behaviors, by gender. The sample consisted of 2,401 adolescent students (17-19 years of age) enrolled from 2007 to 2009 at a Mexican university; 61.9 percent were women, 19.4 percent worked, and 99.2 percent were single. An online self-administered questionnaire was used that included the perceptual module of the YQOL-R and seven items on body weight, adapted from YRBS 2007. RESULTS: 52 percent of women and 31.7 percent of men were attempting to lose weight. The highest QoL scores were in students who felt they were near the right weight, those who were attempting to maintain the same weight, and those who exercised. Lowest QoL was reported by those who considered themselves overweight, were trying to lose weight, were eating less, were skipping meals, or were using unsupervised dieting, vomiting, or laxatives. In women, QoL differed between those maintaining the same weight, gaining weight, and losing weight, while QoL in men only differed for those attempting to gain weight. The findings could be useful in educational processes, preventive programs, and assessment of interventions.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de una preparatoria de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México

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Abstract Introduction. The prevalence of tobacco use among students is apparently higher than in the general population. Several studies carried out in school population have found an increasing tendency in tobacco consumption, proportionally higher in women, which allows to identify similar consumption patterns in men and women. One of these studies estimated that the consumption frequency increases between 0.7% and 7% in three years. Nonetheless, another study points out to the fact that the Latin American and Caribbean youth population structure is an element that will favor the increase of the rate of smokers in the next years. Some of the risk factors identified are the tobacco consumption by other family members, a low perception of consumption risk, inclination towards tobacco use, to not deem the possibility of becoming a regular smoker, social tolerance, high availability and access to cigarettes, low school performance, to have friends that smoke, the search of a social image, a means of weigh control, search for a glamorous behavior, assert the transition between childhood and adulthood, the constant tobacco publicity in the media, the low supervision and the low monitoring by parents. Objective. To determine the prevalence and influence of the family and school environmental factors on tobacco use by adolescent students in Highschool No. 5 of the University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, which has both an outstanding academic excellence and extracurricular program. Method. A cross sectional, prolective, and comparative study was performed. The population survey included 3,056 students enrolled at the above mentioned highschool in the 2004 term (36% men and 64% women); of the total population surveyed, 60.5% attended the morning shift and 39.5% the evening shift, their average age was 16.1+1.1 years. Due to the fact the previous studies report different prevalences between men and women, the size of the sample was estimated separately. For men, for whom a tobacco use of 27% has been estimated (and expecting a maximum deviation of 5% from the population prevalence) the required sample number was 190 subjects. Regarding women, of which a 16% prevalence was estimated (and expecting a maximum deviation of 3% from the population prevalence) the required sample number was 327 subjects. The subjects were recruited by drawing lots and their selection was carried-out by an aleatory numbers table. Each selected subject was located in its corresponding classroom and shift, and was invited to participate in this survey. They were asked to give an informed consent and there was a 100% rate of acceptance. The National Addictions Survey questionnaire was used to obtain the data, which assessed the socio-demographic data, consumption once in a lifetime, age of first use, number of times of consumption in a lifetime, time of use since the first time, use in the past 12 months, consumption in the last month, and number of cigarettes smoked daily. The tobacco consumption by the mother, father, siblings, and friends, was also included. The current tobacco addiction was defined by the consumption in the last month. The use pattern was considered experimental when it referred to one to 99 instances of consumption, and regular when it referred to more than 100 instances of use. For the statistical analysis, the categorical varia-bles were compared using the square Ji simple tests with Yates adjustment or Fisher's exact test according to requirement. The numerical variables were compared using the test for independent samples. A model of logistic regression was used to analyze the independent association of factors linked to the present consumption of tobacco use. Results. The prevalence of consumption once in a lifetime was 58.2%; in the last 12 months, 32.4%; and in the last month, 23.9% (IC of 95%: 20.4-27.6). The average age of first pathway of consumption was 13.9± years (limits 5-18). The subjects with present tobacco use were older (16.4± 1.0 years of age) than the non tobacco users (16.1±1.1 years of age, p=0.002) and they also had a lower school perfor-mance in the previous semester (81.1±6 versus 86.0±7 p<0.0001). We did not found any difference between the prevalence of tobacco use among men (45/194; 24.7%) and women (83/353; 23.5%; p=0.41). The assessment of the prevalence according to the consumption pattern showed that 48% of students had an experimental use, while 10% of the adolescents studied already had a regular tobacco consumption pattern. Using the univaried analysis, the presence of a regular tobacco consumption pattern had a statistical association with the performance in semesters at highschool, the tobacco use by the mother, father, siblings, and groups of friends, as well as the fact of studying in the evening shift, studying and also working, and being an irregular student. Likewise, in the case of present tobacco use, in the univaried analysis were associated the performance in semesters at highschool, studying in the evening shift, being an irregular student, studying and also working, tobacco use by the father (not the mother), siblings, and friends. After the logistic regression analysis, only studying in the evening shift, tobacco use by the father and friends, and being an irregular student kept their statistical association regarding present tobacco use. Discussion. The prevalence of tobacco consumption by adolescent students found in this survey was high in experimentation (48.2%) and regularity (10%) in view of the characteristics of the highschool where this survey was carried out. Nevertheless, this prevalence is lower than those reported on other recent surveys that were done in high school students from similar settings. One of them, the 2003 National Student's Survey found a 68.4% prevalence of tobacco use. This figure is 20% higher than the prevalence found in our study. We believe that those differences can be explained because the school where we performed our study has been awarded as an academic excellence high school. Another unexpected result was the absence of any differences in the consumption pattern in men and women, which also agree with the results of another recent study. This similarity in the behavior of men and women should be explored qualitatively. One contribution of our study is the fact that the father's use but not the mother's or siblings, has implications on adolescents consumption. Previous studies had reported the family's consumption as a risk factor, without identifying the above mentioned differences. Nonetheless, further studies regarding the influence of the father figure or image should be carried-out. Meanwhile, as a working hypothesis, we consider that the father's consumption defined attitudes of tolerance that are cognitively significant due to the cultural image of authority that he represents in the family. Even if the adolescent seeks to separate himself from family bond, and is more susceptible to the influence of the social environment, most of the family behavior has already been impressed on them. In the population studied by us, having friends that use tobacco was the most important association factor for its consumption. These findings have also been reported previously; nevertheless, the dynamics of use and their relationship with consumption should be further studied, as well as the social conceptualization attributed to friendship. The fact that studying in the evening shift was present in the unvaried analysis as well as in the logistic regression may be due to older students, lower performance and consequently, higher use probability. In short, the prevalence of tobacco use in our population of highschool adolescents was rather high, and we found no difference in the consumption pattern of men and women. The independent factors associated to tobacco use were tobacco consumption by the father and friends, as well as being in the evening shift. Finally, we consider that this study could represent the basis for: 1) Studies regarding new issues using qualitative tools in order to understand the social conceptualization concerning consumption and thus design more efficient educational actions; and 2) Having a baseline that will allow the assessment of the modification of risk factors on the decrease of tobacco consumption.

Validación de un cuestionario para el estudio del comportamiento sexual, social y corporal, de adolescentes escolares / Validity and reliability of an instrument for assessing the social, and corporal sexual behaviors among school adolescents

OBJETIVO: Validar un cuestionario autoadministrado de comportamientos sexuales, sociales y corporales para adolescentes por nivel escolar y género. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Instrumento de 26 preguntas construido según DeVellis, aplicado en un estudio longitudinal prospectivo, hecho en 1994 a 1 243 alumnos y alumnas de secundaria y preparatoria en Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Validez de constructo establecida por análisis factorial exploratorio y la confiabilidad por la prueba Alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Aparecen cinco factores en hombres usando valores propios (eigenvalue) >1 y cinco en mujeres, forzando la mejor solución. Veinte factores explican entre 59.3 y 70.6 por ciento de varianza, con promedio de pesos factoriales de 0.63- 0.75, y con 13 factores diferentes. El promedio de Alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.87-0.93 y en 16 factores hubo valores de Alpha de 0.71 o más. CONCLUSIONES: Cuestionario para poblaciones equivalentes con validez de constructo y confiabilidad interna aceptables

Comportamientos de riesgo de ITS/SIDA en adolescentes trabajadores de hoteles de Puerto Vallarta y su asociación con el ambiente laboral / STI/AIDS-related practices and occupational risk factors in adolescent hotel workers in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Explorar comportamientos de riesgo de ITS/ SIDA de adolescentes trabajadores de hoteles de Puerto Vallarta, México, y su asociación con el ambiente laboral. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, comparativo, en una población de 288 adolescentes trabajadores durante 1998 en 38 hoteles de Puerto Vallarta. Variables: condición laboral, situación ambiental, comportamiento de riesgo de ITS/SIDA, características sociodemográficas. Estadísticas descriptivas, asociativas y predictivas: t test, RM y regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Edad promedio 17.7 años; 71.5 por ciento hombres; activos sexualmente 53 por ciento; con uno o más comportamientos de riesgo de ITS/SIDA, (93.6 por ciento): nunca o raramente usa condón (77.3.1 por ciento); beber antes de relaciones sexuales (41 por ciento); promiscuidad (29.9 por ciento), y relaciones anales (9.2 por ciento). Factores asociados: percibir el ambiente estimulante para relaciones sexuales (RM 2.36); beber antes de coito: compañeros (RM 2.52) y huéspedes (RM 2.60); norma de poder invitar huéspedes al cuarto (RM 4.46); Variables confusoras: género masculino (RM 3.14), casados o en unión libre (RM 21.19) y 18-19 años (RM 3.11). CONCLUSIONES: Hay alta frecuencia de comportamiento de riesgo de ITS/SIDA, asociados con algunos factores ambientales

Condiciones de eficiencia de los servicios de atención al adolescente / Conditions of effectiveness at Health Care Services for adolescent. IMSS, Jalisco area delegation

Material y método: estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante un instrumento basado en el cuestionario Evaluación de las condiciones de eficiencia de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, enviado a 100 unidades de medicina familiar para hacer un inventario diagnóstico que incluyó programación y administración, educación para la salud, servicios a la comunidad, participación comunitaria, personal y recursos materiales. Resultados: de 14 actividades posibles, 15 por ciento de las 58 unidades que respondieron el cuestionario aún no realizaba alguna, 44.8 por ciento entre una y tres, 37.8 por ciento entre cuatro y nueve y sólo 1.7 por ciento realizó 10 actividades. En cinco actividades hubo asociación significativa entre el trabajo con adolescentes y la ubicación de las unidades (metropolitana, foránea), y en seis actividades con capacitación del personal. Conclusiones: este instrumento simplificado hizo posible hacer un diagnóstico inicial, base para el seguimiento del programa. Los hallazgos muestran los rezagos de las poblaciones lejanas a la metrópoli, pero no explican las similitudes. La capacitación del personal no ha sido determinante para las actividades con adolescentes.

Consulta médica de adolescentes en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social: magnitud y diagnóstico / Adolescent medical consultation in the Mexican Social Security Institute: magnitude and diagnosis

Objetivo: describir la magnitud y diagnósticos de consultas de adolescentes que asistieron al Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Jalisco durante el periodo 1993 a 1995. Material y método: investigación descriptiva de consultas totales de medicina familiar, urgencias estomatología y especialidades, codificadas según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades-IX Revisión a partir de la base de datos del Sistema de Información Médica de Occidente. No se Incluyeron servicios secundarios y se excluyero las consultas sin diagnóstico. Resultados: Los adolescentes generaron 9.7 por ciento del total de consultas. La proporción de consultas por 100 adolescentes usuarios derechohabientes de 10 a 14 años fue de 184.02 menor que la de 15 a 19 años: 352.36 (en 20 a 29 años es 447.62). Según la edad y el sexo hubo diferencias de diagnóstico, entre los principales para los 10 a 14 años estuvieron las enfermedades respiratorias traumatismos y envenenamientos, enfermedades digestivas, infecciosas y parasitarias. En las mujeres de 15 a 19 años, además, las atenciones ligadas al proceso reproductivo o embarazo, parto y puerperio, las enfermedades respiratorias y urinarias. Conclusiones: los adolescentes generaron casi un décimo de las consultas, incrementándose por grupo de edad y observándose diferencias en los diagnósticos por edad y sexo

Análisis de texto de áreas críticas relatadas por adolescentes en servicio de orientación / Text analysis of the critical areas narrated by the adolescent users of an orientation service

Caracterizar, no espaço discursivo de 27 usuários do "Consultório Juvenil", suas áreas críticas em relaçäo à temática, aos atores, açöes, valores e esquemas de percepçäo situacional. Estudo qualitativo através de análise semiótica, realizada pelas: descriçäo da estrutura do texto, codificaçäo para a localizaçäo de isotopias e análise de organizaçäo interna. Existe uma clara diferenciaçäo temática e de significado por gênero: as meninas estäo vinculadas a espaços familiares, enquanto que os meninos a extrafamiliares. O namoro sério é um tema central para as meninas; a sexualidade para os meninos. As decisöes säo tomadas pelas meninas baseadas em uma moral situacional, e pelos meninos em uma ética individualista. Em ambos, o problema é percebido como externo, alheio e destinado a outros. As áreas críticas encontram-se influenciadas pela formaçäo social de gênero, que mitifica e estereotipa os comportamentos. A tendência de expor o problema como imposto pode significar risco para o adolescente